Portrait of Native American Chief Black Thunder of the Skykomish tribe standing beside a tree. Chief Black Thunder is the leader of the native Americans from Washington and British Columbia that make an annual pilgrimage to pick the hops across the state of Washington. He first journeyed to the valley when he was a boy, at that time his people travelled by canoe from Snohomish County. He is also known as Mr. Bagley. (T. Times 8-30-1934, pg 1+)

Indians of North America--Skykomish tribe; Black Thunder; Migrant agricultural laborers--Puyallup--1930-1940; Migrant laborers--1930-1940; Hops;

In August of 1934, Native Americans from various parts of Washington and British Columbia gathered in Audoma Park, near Alderton, two miles from Puyallup on the Orting Road. They came, as they had for over 40 years, to pick berries and work the local hops fields. In the evening they socialized by holding dances and by taking part in ancient traditions like the "bone game". (T. Times 8/30/1934, pg. 1)

Indians of North America--Social life; Migrant agricultural laborers--Puyallup--1930-1940; Migrant laborers--1930-1940; Hops; Tents; Camping--Puyallup--1930-1940;

In August of 1934, these two unidentified young Native American girls joined other members of their tribes to pick hops in the Puyallup valley. Beginning around 1925 Audoma Park, near Alderton 2 miles from Puyallup on the Orting Road, became an official gathering place for tribes from throughout Washington and British Columbia. Here ancient games were played and the sound of traditional chants mixed with the strains of swing bands as the younger tribe members tried out the newest dance steps. (T. Times 8/30/1934, pg. 1+)

Indians of North America; Migrant agricultural laborers--Puyallup--1930-1940; Migrant laborers--1930-1940; Hops;

Native Americans, listed in Richards records as Margie, Abraham, Charlie and others, gather under a tree at the annual tribal gathering in the Puyallup Valley at hop picking time. The Native Americans will pick the hops during the day and gather at night to socialize and play ancient games with other tribe members from Washington and British Columbia. (T. Times 8/30/1934, pg. 1+)

Indians of North America; Migrant agricultural laborers--Puyallup--1930-1940; Migrant laborers--1930-1940; Hops;

In 1933, the Puyallup Tribe of Indians urged the federal government to purchase the outdated Tacoma Indian Hospital complex and build a new facility. The Puyallup Tribal Council met with newly elected U.S. Representative Wesley Lloyd in February 1933 to seek his support. After numerous delays, the new hospital was completed in 1943. Standing, left to right: Silas Meeker (Tribal Secretary), Frank Wrolson, Representative Lloyd. Seated, left to right: Benjamin Wright, William Davis, Silas Cross (Tribal Chairman), Dorothy Kellogg (assistant to Representative Lloyd). Frank Wrolson's last name was misspelled on the photograph.

Indians of North America, Puyallup Tribe; Cushman Indian Hospital (Tacoma); Hospitals--Tacoma--1930-1940; Meeker, Silas; Wrolson, Frank; Lloyd, Wesley; Wright, Benjamin; Davis, William; Cross, Silas; Kellogg, Dorothy;

On January 18, 1928, two unidentified Native American women were photographed weaving baskets while seated outside a wood-framed building. They have their heads down as they concentrate on their work. TPL-1546; G4.1-048

Indigenous peoples; Basket making;

Herbert Hoover, then Secretary of Commerce, signed the Indian "Pledge to the Mountain" to honor Mt. Rainier on the rooftop of the Hotel Winthrop on August 21, 1926. An unidentified Indian maiden helps to unroll the scroll. Mr. Hoover, who would later become the 31st President of the United States, was given the name Chief Coolee-Chuck ("Running Water"). The pledge was administered entirely in the Chinook language. In it, Mr. Hoover swore and promised by the Great Spirit of the Mountain to journey whenever possible to the "Mountain that was God" in order to breathe in the pure air, drink the sparkling waters, and gaze upon its wondrous beauties. He promised to acquaint himself with the lore of the red men and learn about the legends of the mountain's origins and sacredness. Should he violate this solemn obligation, he could foresee his wickiup burning, racehorses dying and coyotes devouring all his rabbits. Secretary Hoover was in Tacoma as a guest of the Tacoma Chamber of Commerce and addressed a large group of about 300 businessmen at the Hotel Winthrop on the "Future of Foreign Trade." This photograph was modified by the photographer: a clearer view of Mount Rainier was added, and the Brotherhood Bank's signage reversed and building itself extended upward. TPL-5447; G68.1-028 (TNT 8-21-26, p. 1)

Hoover, Herbert; Indians of North America--Tacoma--1920-1930; Document signings--Tacoma; Hotel Winthrop (Tacoma);

In 1922, Marvin Boland photographed an unidentified Native American in headdress and tribal clothing who gazed pensively at a pond located at Wright Park. He had one foot on a rock at the edge of a pathway and the other on dry land. TPL-8838; G5.1-027

Indigenous peoples--Washington; Headdresses; Wright Park (Tacoma);

These Native American girls were taking a sewing class at the Cushman Indian School on the Puyallup Reservation in June of 1918. The goal of Native American education from 1880-1920 was to assimilate the children into the dominant European culture, removing them from traditional Indian ways. One method was to remove them from their families and enroll them in government run boarding schools. By 1910, the Puyallup Indian School had become the Cushman Indian School, a large industrial boarding school, hosting over 350 students from the Northwest and Alaska. The school's focus was training the students for a place as a laborer in an industrialized America. During WWI the Red Cross entered into a partnership with schools to produce needed goods for the war torn countries. The girls in this photograph are probably sewing for the Red Cross. The boarding school closed in 1920. G39.1-163; TPL-2822

Cushman Indian School (Tacoma); Boarding schools--Puyallup Reservation; Sewing--1910-1920; Sewing machines--1910-1920;

Image title: Quiet Waters. The North American Indian, v. 11, p. 84.

Indians of North America--Nootka--1910-1920; Women--Indians of North America; Indians of North America--Portraits;

Image title: A Haida Chief's tomb at Yan. The North American Indian, suppl. 11, plate 397.

Indians of North America--Haida--1910-1920; Death and burial--Indians of North America; Indians of North America--Tombs and sepulchral monuments;

Image title: Fastening the Harpoon Point. The North American Indian, v.11, pg. 30.

Indians of North America--Nootka--1910-1920; Men--Indians of North America; Indians of North America--Portraits;

Image title: Stlĭná of Massett - Haida. The North American Indian, v. 11, p. 148.

Indians of North America--Haida--1910-1920; Men--Indians of North America; Indians of North America--Portraits;

Image title: Costume of a woman Shaman - Clayoquot. The North American Indian, v. 11, p. 54.

Indians of North America--Nootka--1910-1920; Women--Indians of North America; Indians of North America--Portraits;

Image title: Suqitlaa. The North American Indian, v.11, p. 46.

Indians of North America--Nootka--1910-1920; Men--Indians of North America; Indians of North America--Portraits;

Image title: Sepulture in a post at Yan. The North American Indian, v. 11, p.128.

Indians of North America--Haida--1910-1920; Death and burial--Indians of North America;

Image title: The wedding party - Qagyuhl. The North American Indian, suppl. 10, plate 344.

Indians of North America--Kwakiutl--1910-1920; Brides--Indians of North America; Indians of North America--Weddings;

Image title: Nakoaktok Chief and copper. The North American Indian, v. 10, p.146.

Indians of North America--Kwakiutl--1910-1920; Men--Indians of North America; Indians of North America--Portraits;

Image title: A Nakoaktok mawihl. The North American Indian, v. 10, p. 176.

Indians of North America--Kwakiutl--1910-1920; Men--Indians of North America; Indians of North America--Portraits;

Inage title: A Tluwulahu costume - Qagyuhl. The North American Indian, v. 10, p. 244.

Indians of North America--Kwakiutl--1910-1920; Clothing and dress--Indians of North America; Indians of North America--Portraits;

Image title: Twin child healer. The North American Indian, v. 10, p. 94.

Indians of North America--Kwakiutl--1910-1920; Healers--Indians of North America;

Image title: Hamasilahl - Qagyuhl. The North American Indian, v. 10, p.228.

Indians of North America--Kwakiutl--1910-1920; Clothing and dress--Indians of North America; Indians of North America--Portraits;

ca. 1914. Coming for the Bride - Qagyuhl "Wedding Party - Kwakiutl" Photograph by Edward S. Curtis. Scanned from Asahel Curtis, hand tinted lantern slide. Original photo appears in The North American Indian, v.10 Plate # 337. The Kwakiutl is a broad term used to describe the native tribes on the coast of British Columbia; the native word Qagyuhl describes the sub tribe resident at Fort Rupert. Marriage among the poor took place without ceremony, but with people of rank betrothal and marriage was ruled by customs and traditions. On the morning of the wedding day, a war canoe would be sent to the home of the bride. In the forward portion is a wooden effigy of a thunderbird. Behind the man in the bow is seated the human effigy. He wears a headdress representing the creature and a robe of eagle tail feathers and he imitates the bird by gesture and cry. They halt in front of the bride's home to sing, dance and make speeches. Hoping to raise funds for the publishing of his 40 volume North American Indian opus, Edward Curtis made a full length motion picture of the Kwakiutl way of life, "In the Land of the Headhunters." Work on the film ended in 1914 and it was considered a masterpiece. However, it was a financial disaster, only ever shown in New York City's Casino Theater and in Seattle. It gathered dust until 1924, when he sold the uncut master print and negatives to the American Museum of Natural History for $1500 and the resignation of all rights. It was later restored in 1972 and released as "In the Land of the War Canoes."

Indians of North America--Kwakiutl; Indians of North America--Canoes; Indians of North America--Rites & ceremonies;

ca. 1912. Portrait of Bahlkabuh, Skokomish "Puget Sound Type" Photograph by Edward Curtis. Scanned from Asahel Curtis lantern slide. Original photo appears in The North American Indian, v.9 Plate between pp. 26-27 (slide has crack through coverglass). The Skokomish were one band of a tribe that called itself the Twana. They controlled the entire Hood Canal area and that of its tributaries. The Skokomish were located at Annas Bay and the watershed of the Skokomish River. The other principal bands were the Tulalip, Soatlkobsh, Quilcene, and Slchoksbish. At the early part of the 19th century, they numbered 900. By the Treaty of Point No Point, 1855, that confined them to the Skokomish Reservation at the head of Hoods Canal, they totalled 300.

Indians of North America--Skokomish--1910-1920; Women--Indians of North America; Indians of North America--Portraits;

ca. 1912. A Primitive Quinault woman. Photograph by Edward S. Curtis. Scanned from Asahel Curtis lantern slide. Original print appears in The North American Indian, v.9 Plate # 293. The territory of the Quinaults extends along the coast from the Hoqium River to the Queets river. The tribe was less migratory than most of the north Pacific coast. They travelled to hunt and gather no further than a day or two from their home, although they did participate in limited whaling. They lived primarily off the abundant fish in their local rivers.

Indians of North America--Quinault--1910-1920; Women--Indians of North America;

Image title: Coathair blanket - Cowichan. The North American Indian, v. 9, p. 72.

Indians of North America--Salishan--1910-1920; Weaving--Indians of North America;

ca. 1912. Puget Sound Baskets Photograph by Edward S. Curtis. Scanned from Asahel Curtis lantern slide. Original print appears in The North American Indian, v.9 Plate # 309. Basketry was a prominent industry of the native women. A water-tight basket was made for hauling water, cooking with hot stones and berry picking. This type of basket was tightly coiled. A more flexible, softer woven basket was used for storing and carrying personal effects. A much larger basket of a rougher weave was used as a burden basket. It was carried on the back and used primarily for transporting clams and fish.

Indians of North America--Baskets;

ca. 1912. Puget Sound Camp - Skokomish. Photograph by Edward S. Curtis. Scanned from Asahel Curtis lantern slide. Original photograph published in "The North American Indian, v.9" Plate between pp. 48-49. TPL-8759

Indians of North America--Skokomish--1910-1920; Indians of North America--Shelters; Canoes;

ca. 1912. A mat shelter - Skokomish. Photograph by Edward S. Curtis. Scanned from Asahel Curtis lantern slide. Original photograph published in "The North American Indian, v.9" Plate appears between pp. 110 -111. The aboriginal name for the people occupying the region of Hood Canal on the Olympic Peninsula was the Twana. The largest community in this tribe was the Skokomish, the "Big River People." The Skokomish Reservation was created by the Point-No-Point treaty in 1855 and it encompasses almost 5,000 acres on the delta of the Skokomish River. During the winter months, the people resided in cedar plank houses. But during the other seasons, they resided in temporary, movable structures such as the one pictured, which they covered with woven mats. These structures could be moved from place to place during hunting and fishing seasons. The mats, hung on the framework of the structure, would keep out the wind and the rain. The mats were most commonly woven of cattail leaves or the inner bark of the cedar. Two women are picture outside of a structure, along with their canoe and woven baskets.

Indians of North America--Skokomish--1910-1920; Women--Indians of North America; Huts; Indians of North America--Shelters; Canoes; Baskets;

Image title: Youth in holiday costume - Umatilla. The North American Indian, v. 8, p.80.

Indians of North America--Umaitlla--1910-1920; Men--Indians of North America; Indians of North America--Portraits; Indians of North America--Clothing and dress;